R for Windows: baixar versions anteriors

New Features
- The LaTeX class ‘jss’ bundled in ‘share/texmf/tex/latex/jss.cls’ has been updated to work with ‘hyperref’ version 7.01q (2026/04/24).
- Plain-text (and legacy HTML) conversion for a simple Rd \eqn{} now handles \geq, \leq, \neq and \ne in addition to \ge and \le (PR#19070).
Bug Fixes
- abbreviate(<non-ASCII>) now works better, using iswlower() and *upper() to treat “wide” characters, thanks to Kevin's PR#19058.
- cut(1:11, {}) now signals an error for the invalid breaks, fixing PR#19057, thanks to Kevin Ushey.
- all(<symbol>) signals an error now, as some similar coercions; previously, the coercion of the symbol resulted in NULL internally, raised a warning, and could access illegal memory; thanks to Kevin Ushey's PR#19054.
- stl() now checks its 3 x 3 tuning parameters on the R level; stl(*, s.window = 0) now “works” instead dumping core, stl(*, s.window = 1) “works” correctly, too. Also, the summary() method mentions the robustness weights only if any robustness iterations happened.
Further, stl() is now based on C code, translated from previous Fortran, triggered by a flang 22 compiler optimization bug (-O2).
- The border case zapsmall(x, digits=Inf) where x contains an Inf entry no longer returns all NaN but rather x. The improved help page now has more non-default examples.
- wilcox.test(x, exact=FALSE, correct = k)'s p-value computation got a missing dnorm(z) factor, and so did the 2-sample case, in addition to more fixes.
- The data part of getGenerics() listed package names for generic functions defined in more than one package. Now it lists generic function names, as intended. Thanks to Michael Chirico for report and patch proposal (PR#19080).
- Overly long dyn.load() error messages (C level dlerror()), should no longer corrupt its state, thanks to Ivan Krylov's PR#19029 report and patch.
- as.matrix(<POSIXlt>) again produces a numeric matrix, and the c() and subassignment methods for POSIXlt objects work correctly more often, e.g., without a "tzone" attribute, back porting a few of the PR#18989 fixes from R-devel, both thanks to Suharto Anggono.
- In methods, as() now correctly coerces S4 objects to S4 superclasses extending old-style classes, instead of returning only the S3 part.

UTILITIES
- tools/fetch-recommended can be used instead of tools/rsync-recommended to fetch recommended packages into R sources using curl on systems without rsync or behind firewalls.
PACKAGE INSTALLATION
- C++ standard specifications (CXX_STD = in ‘src/Makevars*’ and in the SystemRequirements field of the ‘DESCRIPTION’ file) are now checked more thoroughly. Invalid values are still ignored but now give a warning, as do contradictory specifications.
- (Preliminary) support for C++26 has been extended to Windows.
- A non-zero exit status from ‘cleanup’, ‘cleanup.win’ or ‘cleanup.ucrt’, if requested via options --clean or --preclean, is now reported with a warning.
BUG FIXES
- all.equal(obj, simple, check.class=FALSE) now is true, also when simple is a bare atomic vector and obj has a simple class, fixing the first part of PR#18971 thanks to Jan Gorecki.
- str(x, give.attr=FALSE) no longer shows attributes when x is a zero length "Date" or "POSIXt" object.
- Tweaks to binning for bw.SJ() and bw.ucv() in the very rare case of data which have an extremely small range compared to their absolute values, e.g., x <- 6e9 + 6:9.
- Formatting book-type bibentry objects now converts LaTeX accents also in the publisher and series fields.
- model.frame(~1, list(), na.action=na.pass) and similar “border-line” uses no longer produce invalid data frames, fixing PR#18977, reported with patch by Mikael Jagan.
- length(<POSIXlt>) <- v is more careful about balancing, notably when v is not integer, thanks to Suharto Anggono's remarks on the mailing list R-devel.
- approx(<x_with_ties>, <y_with_NA>, na.rm = FALSE) now should always call the ties() function, fixing PR#17604 reported by Bill Dunlap.
- besselJ(1, 1e-15) and similar now give correct results, thanks to Leo Mada and other “R-help”ers.
- vignette(pkg::topic) is now a documented usage variant and confines vignette retrieval to the specified package.
- pretty(ch) again correctly works with ch a character vector of numbers.
- persp() labels the three axes correctly also when C level atan2pi() is available, fixing PR#19007 by Klaus Schliep.
- Large (tall) subscripts in plotmath expressions are now positioned correctly. They were being positioned too high.
- Ops group (Arith, Compare,..) methods for matrix-"ts" now do return (zero length) matrices even when the two series do not overlap, a very partial fix of PR#18972 which is to be fully addressed later.

UTILITIES
- R CMD check now handles archives with extension ‘.tar’ or ‘.tar.zstd’ (where zstd compression is supported by the R build).
BUG FIXES
- t.test(c(1:3, Inf)) and similar no longer produce an error but return a (still not so useful) "htest" result, fixing PR#18901, thanks to Jesse Alderliesten.
- attr(., "tsp") <- val now uses getOption("ts.eps") instead of hardwired 1e-5; consequently, ts(.., ts.eps=*) now passes ts.eps to the "tsp" setting C code; both fixing a long-standing ‘FIXME’.
- insertSource() now ignores the internal .packageName object, avoiding a superfluous message.
- In static HTML help, links to vignette files from the default ‘doc/index.html’ page now also work for packages not installed in the default .Library, thanks to a report by Patrice Kiener.
- fixInNamespace("S3method") failed to update the S3 methods table when the generic was not on the search path.
- In plain-text help (Rd2txt), an initial newline from an Rd inline \eqn no longer breaks the paragraph.
- hist(*, log = "x") now works without a warning, thanks to Martin Smith's PR#18921.
- Subassigning "POSIXlt", i.e., <tdat>[i] <- val and <tdat>[[i]] <- val now rebalance as they should, thanks to Mikael Jagan's PR#18919.
- <POSIXlt>[*] (re-)setting "balanced", fixing PR#18681 comment #7, thanks to Mikael Jagan.
- All four of {col,row}{Sums,Means}(Z, na.rm=TRUE) now correctly work with complex Z where is.na(Re(Z)) differs from is.na(Im(Z)), fixing PR#18942, unearthed by Dirk Eddelbuettel.
- Fix for glyph rendering on the quartz() device when there is other (“normal”) text drawn on the device. The problem was that the text transformation matrix was not reset so glyphs would be rendered incorrectly (often completely outside the device, i.e., not visible).
- Functions install.packages() and download.packages() again consult option download.file.method when the download method is unspecified.
- Tanguy Barthelemy and colleagues at the ‘R Dev Day’ following Rencontres R in May 2025 extended the help page of lm(), fixing PR#18058. As suggested by Thomas Soeiro, such notes were also added to the glm(), poly() and splines::bs() and ns() pages.
- lbeta(1i, 1) now signals an error, as lbeta() is not implemented for complex, fixing PR#18946 from Ben Bolker and Kasper Kristensen.
- The Cairo-based SVG device uses pt as the default document unit also with Cairo >= 1.17.8 (PR#18912).
- pretty(*, eps.correct = 2) has been fixed, e.g., to avoid over 1 million length result for pretty(c(0, 1e-322), eps.correct = 2).
- When "POSIXlt" date-time objects are NA-padded from subsetting or increasing length in the `[` or `length<-` methods, the "balanced" attribute is set to NA, now; noted in PR#18681, thanks to Mikael Jagan.

NEW FEATURES
- The internal method of unzip() now follows unzip 6.00 in how it handles extracted file paths which contain "../". With thanks to Ivan Krylov.
INSTALLATION
- Standalone nmath can be built with early-2025 versions of clang-based compilers such as LLVM clang 20, Apple clang 17 and Intel icx 2025.0.
- Tcl/Tk 9 can be used to build package tcltk: this has become the default in some Linux distributions. N.B. several third-party packages currently require Tcl/Tk 8 or even 8.6 without declaring so.
BUG FIXES
- Java detection in javareconf could not detect ‘libjvm.*’ in the zero variant of the JDK (PR#18884). All valid variants as of JDK 24u are now supported.
- factanal(.., rotation=*) now correctly updates rotmat, fixing PR#18886.
- dnbinom(<large>, <muchlarger>, ..) now is 0 correctly, instead of NaN or Inf sometimes.
- dbinom(<large>, n=Inf, ..) is 0 now correctly, instead of NaN which also fixes many dnbinom() cases, notably those mentioned in PR#16727 comment #5.
- Fixing C level “binomial deviance” bd0() for extreme arguments (preventing under-/overflow) solves more PR#16727 cases and also prevents some full accuracy loss in such cases for dbinom(), dnbinom(), and via dbinom_raw() potentially dgeom(), dhyper(), dbeta(), and df().
- signif(1.**e308, digits) no longer truncates unnecessarily (but still to prevent overflow to Inf), fixing PR#18889.
- prettyNum(*, zero.print={>=1-char}, replace.zero=TRUE) now works as documented, thanks to Marttila Mikko and Ivan Krylov's messages on R-devel.
- pbeta(x, a,b, ..) for very large a,b no longer returns NaN but the correct values (0 or 1, or their logs for log.p = TRUE). This improves Mathlib's C level bratio() and hence also pnbinom(), etc..

INSTALLATION
- R can be installed using C23 (for example with -std=gnu23 or -std=gnu2x) with recent compilers including gcc 12–14, Apple clang 15–16, LLVM clang 17–20 and Intel icx 2024.2.
It can be installed with the upcoming (at the time of writing) gcc 15, which defaults to C23.
C-LEVEL FACILITIES
- The functions R_strtod and R_atof now allow hexadecimal constants without an exponent, for compatibility with their C99 versions (PR#18805).
UTILITIES
- R CMD build and R CMD check now allow reference output for demo scripts (‘demo/demo.Rout.save’ files) to be shipped with the package, as proposed by Torsten Hothorn in PR#18816.
BUG FIXES
- kappa(A, exact=TRUE) for singular A returns Inf more generally, fixing PR#18817 reported by Mikael Jagan.
- Fixed URLs of the sun spots (sunspot.month etc) data sets and mention future changes due to recalibration.
- The parser now accepts hexadecimal constants with a decimal point without an exponent (taken as p0) as documented in ?NumericConstants (PR#18819).
- rbind() now works correctly when inputs include a raw vector and a logical, integer or double vector – previously the inclusion of the latter was garbled.
- smooth.spline() checks validity of its arguments df.offset and penalty: it could segfault if they were NULL.
- isGeneric(<primitive>, fdef=*, getName=TRUE) now also returns the name instead of just TRUE, fixing PR#18829 reported by Mikael Jagan.
- isGeneric(fdef = print) now works, fixing PR#18369 thanks to Mikael Jagan.
- sort(x, method = "qsort") made illegal accesses when x has length 0.
- dir.create() is protected against being passed an empty string as its path argument.
- Silent integer overflow could occur in the ‘exact’ computations for fisher.test() for unrealistic inputs: this is now an error.
- Some invalid C-level memory accesses are avoided for loglin(, margin = NULL).
loglin(, param = TRUE) no longer gives an error in corner cases such as a one-dimensional input.
- dev.capabilities() $ events now reports "Idle" if the device provides it, fixing PR#18836, thanks to Trevor Davis.
- arima(.., seasonal = <wrong-vector>) correctly errors now, ditto for arima0(), thanks to Norbert Kuder's report on the R-devel list.
- binomial(<link>)$linkinv(eta) and .. $mu.eta(eta) now also work for "logit" link when is.integer(eta).
- as.roman(x) now should work platform independently, also for, e.g., x = "IIIII" (= V) and x = "IIIIII" (= VI).
- R CMD Rd2pdf works again on an installed package directory containing LaTeX help (from option --latex), thanks to a report by Peter Ruckdeschel.

C-LEVEL FACILITIES
- The S-compatibility macros F77_COM and F77_COMDECL defined in header ‘R_ext/RS.h’ are deprecated and will be removed shortly. We could find no record of their use.
BUG FIXES
- Mathlib function lgammacor(x) no longer warns about underflow to zero for large x.
- Text widths and heights were incorrectly reported by the Quartz device if the drawing context didn't exist yet (typically when drawing off-screen to a window that is yet to appear, see PR#18591).
- The Quartz device could segfault in cases where paths with spaces are used in the new glyph drawing API. Thanks to Tomek Gieorgijewski (PR#18758).
- On macOS in R CRAN builds, it is again possible to read little-endian UTF-16 text with a BOM from a connection using encoding="UTF-16". Users building R from source should avoid using the system libiconv in macOS 14.1 and later.
- methods' internal .requirePackage() now re-enables primitive method dispatch when needed; thanks to Ivan Krylov for demystifying CRAN package check failures on the R-devel mailing list.

C-LEVEL FACILITIES
- Functions R_atof and R_strtod declared in header ‘R_ext/Utils.h’ are now documented in ‘Writing R Extensions’ and so formally part of the API.
- The non-API entry points Rf_setSVector, Rf_StringFalse, Rf_StringTrue and Rf_isBlankString have been added to those reported by R CMD check.
- The new function Rf_allocLang is now available. This provides an alternative to the idiom of calling Rf_allocList followed by SET_TYPEOF.
UTILITIES
- R CMD check now reports as warnings what gfortran calls ‘Fortran 2018 deleted features’, all of which have long been marked as ‘obsolescent’ and some of which were deleted in Fortran 2008 or earlier. Fortran compilers are no longer required to support these.
BUG FIXES
- as.numeric(), scan(), type.convert() and other places which use the internal C function R_strtod now require a non-empty digit sequence in a decimal or binary exponent. This aligns with the C/POSIX standard for strtod and with ?NumericConstants.
- as.data.frame(m, make.names=NA) now works correctly for a matrix m with NA's in row names.
- The error message from <POSIXlt>[["hour"]] and similar now mentions *[[, "hour"]], as wished for in PR#17409 and proposed by Michael Chirico.
- qbinom() and potentially qpois(), qnbinom(), no longer sometimes fail accurate inversion (of pbinom(), etc), thanks to Christopher Chang's report and patch in PR#18711.
- The internal help server on Windows can again serve requests sent in quick succession, fixing a regression in R 4.4.0.
- debugcall(S3Generic()) now also works when a corresponding S4-generic version is in the methods cache (PR#18143).
- Package tools' toTitleCase(ch0) now returns character(0) when ch0 is of zero length; fixing PR#18724, reported by David Hugh Jones.
- R CMD check is no longer broken (without a check result and no explanation in ‘00check.log’) for a package which declares an invalid VignetteBuilder in ‘DESCRIPTION’ but has no vignettes.

NEW FEATURES
- iconv() now fixes up variant encoding names such as "utf8" case-insensitively.
DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT
- The legacy encoding = "MacRoman" is deprecated in pdf() and postscript(): support was incomplete in earlier versions of R.
BUG FIXES
- Arguments are now properly forwarded to methods on S4 generics with ... in the middle of their formal arguments. This was broken for the case when a method introduced an argument but did not include ... in its own formals. Thanks to Hervé Pagès for the report PR#18538.
- Some invalid file arguments to pictex(), postscript() and xfig() opened a file called ‘NA’ rather than throw an error. These included postscript(NULL) (which some people expected to work like pdf(NULL)).
- Passing filename = NA to svg(), cairo_pdf(), cairo_ps() or the Cairo-based bitmap devices opened a file called ‘NA’: it now throws an error.
- quartz(file = NA) opened a file called ‘NA’, including when used as a Quartz-based bitmap device. It now gives an error.
- rank(<long vector>) now works, fixing PR#18617, thanks to Ilia Kats.
- seq.int() did not adequately check its length.out argument.
- match(<POSIXct>, .) is correct again for differing time zones, ditto for "POSIXlt", fixing PR#18618 reported by Bastian Klein.
- drop.terms(*, dropx = <0-length>) now works, fixing PR#18563 as proposed by Mikael Jagan.
- drop.terms(*) keeps + offset(.) terms when it should, PR#18565, and drop.terms() no longer makes up a response, PR#18566, fixing both bugs thanks to Mikael Jagan.
- getS3method("t", "test") no longer finds the t.test() function, fixing PR#18627.
- pdf() and postscript() support for the documented Adobe encodings "Greek" and "Cyrilllic" was missing (although the corresponding Windows' codepages could be used).
- Computations of glyph metric information for pdf() and postscript() did not take into account that transliteration could replace one character by two or more (only seen on macOS 14) and typically warned that the information was not known.
- rank(x) no longer overflows during integer addition, when computing rank average for largish but not-yet long vector x, fixing PR#18630, thanks to Ilia Kats.
- list.files() on Windows now returns also files with names longer that 260 bytes (the Windows limit is 260 characters). Previously, some file names particularly with ‘East Asian’ characters were omitted.
- cov2cor(<0 x 0>) now works, fixing PR#18423 thanks to Mikael Jagan and Elin Waring.
- cov2cor(<negative diagonal>) and similar now give one warning instead of two, with better wording, fixing PR#18424 thanks to Mikael Jagan.
- tools:: startDynamicHelp() now ensures port is in proper range, fixing PR#18645.
- pbeta(x, a,b) is correct now for x=0 or 1 in the boundary cases where a or b or both are 0, fixing PR#18672 thanks to Michael Fay.
- pmatch(x, table) for large table, also called for data frame row selection, dfrm[nm, ], is now interruptible, fixing PR#18656.
- predict(<rank-deficient lm>, newdata=*) fix computing of nbasis, see Russ Lenth's comment 29 in PR#16158.
- Added a work-around for a bug in macOS 14.3.1 and higher which prevents R plots in the Quartz Cocoa device from updating on screen.

NEW FEATURES
- The default initialization of the "repos" option from the ‘repositories’ file at startup can be skipped by setting environment variable R_REPOSITORIES to NULL such that getOption("repos") is empty if not set elsewhere.
- qr.X() is now an implicit S4 generic in methods.
- iconv(to = "ASCII//TRANSLIT") is emulated using substitution on platforms which do not support it (notably Alpine Linux). This should give a human-readable conversion in ASCII on all platforms (rather than NA_character_).
- trans3d() gains options continuous and verbose addressing the problem of possible “wrap around” when projecting too long curves, as reported by Achim Zeileis in PR#18537.
- tools::showNonASCII() has been rewritten to work better on macOS 14 (which has a changed implementation of iconv()).
- tiff(type = "quartz") (the default on macOS) now warns if compression is specified: it continues to be ignored.

INSTALLATION on a UNIX-ALIKE
- There is some support for building with Intel's LLVM-based compilers on ‘x86_64’ Linux, such as (C) icx, (C++) ipcx and (Fortran) ifx from oneAPI 2023.x.y.
- There is support for using LLVM's flang-new as the Fortran compiler from LLVM 16.0.x (preferably 17.0.0 or later).

UTILITIES
- R CMD check reports the use of the Fortran 90 random number generator RANDOM_NUMBER() and the subroutines to initialize it.
‘Writing R Extensions’ has example code to use R's RNGs from Fortran.

BUG FIXES
- substr(x, n, L) <- cc now works (more) correctly for multibyte UTF-8 strings x when L > nchar(x), thanks to a report and patch by ‘Architect 95’.
- contrib.url(character()) now returns 0-length character() as documented, which also avoids spurious warnings from available.packages() et al. in the edge case of an empty vector of repository URLs.
- readChar(., 4e8) no longer fails, thanks to Kodi Arfer's report (PR#18557).
- lapply(<list>, as.data.frame) no longer warns falsely for some base vector components.
- Communication between parent and child processes in the multicore part of parallel could fail on platforms that do not support an arbitrarily large payload in system functions read()/write() on pipes (seen on macOS where a restriction to INT_MAX bytes is documented, without doing a partial read unlike Linux). The payload is now split into 1Gb chunks to avoid that problem. (PR#18571)
- qqplot(x,y, conf.level=.) gives better confidence bounds when length(x) != length(y), thanks to Alexander Ploner's report and patch proposal (PR#18557).
- norm(<0-length>, "2") now gives zero instead of an error, as all the other norm types, thanks to Mikael Jagan's PR#18542.
- Build-stage Rd macros \packageAuthor and \packageMaintainer now process ‘Authors@R’, fixing ‘NA’ results when the package ‘DESCRIPTION’ omits ‘Author’ and ‘Maintainer’ fields.
- Formatting and printing complex numbers could give things like ‘0.1683-0i’ because of rounding error: ‘-0i’ is now replaced by ‘+0i’.
- postscript() refused to accept a title comment containing the letter “W” (PR#18599).
- isoreg(c(1,Inf)) signals an error instead of segfaulting, fixing PR#18603.
- tiff(type = "Xlib") was only outputting the last page of multi-page plots.
- tools::latexToUtf8() again knows about ‘\~{n}’ and other letters with tilde, fixing a regression in R 4.3.0, and about ‘\^{i}’ as an alternative to ‘\^{\i}’ (similarly with other accents). Furthermore, LaTeX codes for accented I letters are now correctly converted, also fixing related mistakes in tools::encoded_text_to_latex().
- tar(*, tar = "internal") no longer creates out-of-spec tar files in the very rare case of user or group names longer than 32 bytes, fixing PR#17871 with thanks to Ivan Krylov.
- When using the “internal” timezone datetime code, adding a fraction of a second no longer adds one second, fixing PR#16856 from a patch by Ivan Krylov.
- tools::checkRd() no longer produces spurious notes about “unnecessary braces” from multi-line Rd results of \Sexpr macros.

C-LEVEL FACILITIES
- The C-level API version of R's integrate(), Rdqags() in ‘Applic.h’, now returns the correct number of integrand evaluations neval, fixing PR#18515 reported and diagnosed by Stephen Wade.
- The C prototypes for LAPACK calls dspgv and dtptrs in ‘R_exts/Lapack.h’ had one too many and one too few character length arguments — but this has not caused any known issues. To get the corrected prototypes, include
#include <Rconfig.h> // for PR18534fixed
#ifdef PR18534fixed
# define usePR18534fix 1
#endif
#include <R_exts/Lapack.h>
in your C/C++ code (PR#18534).

INSTALLATION
- Many of the checks of esoteric Internet operations and those using unreliable external sites have been moved to a new target that is not run by default and primarily intended for the core developers. To run them use
cd tests; make test-Internet-dev

BUG FIXES
- .S3methods(), typically called from methods(), again marks methods from package base as visible.
Also, the visibility of non-base methods is again determined by the method's presence in search().
- tools::Rdiff() is now more robust against invalid strings, fixing installation tests on Windows without Rtools installed (PR#18530).
- Fix (new) bug in hcl.colors(2, *), by Achim Zeileis (PR#18523).
- head(., <illegal>) and tail(..) now produce more useful "Error in ...." error messages, fixing PR#18362.
- Package code syntax on Windows is checked in UTF-8 when UTF-8 is the native encoding.
- na.contiguous(x) now also returns the first run, when it is at the beginning and there is a later one of the same length; reported to R-devel, including a fix, by Georgi Boshnakov. Further, by default, it modifies only an existing attr(*,"tsp") but otherwise no longer sets one.
- chol(<not pos.def>, pivot = <T|F>) now gives a correct error or warning message (depending on pivot), thanks to Mikael Jagan's (PR#18541).